As a commentator, sinkhole is a hole in ground caused by some collapse of the surface layer. Sinkhole can be caused by the karst process which is the chemical dissolution of carbonate rocks such as limestone. Limestone is a sedimentary rock which composed mainly of skeletal fragments of marine organisms such as corals and molluscs. Water or groundwater can erode limestone over thousands or millions of years. Most caves are formed through limestone bedrock. Sinkhole forms when the rocks are weathered due to the climate, time and parental material in underground soil layer. Time over time, the rock will crack (time) and water (climate: raining, underground water) passes through the crack over a long period result the crack getting bigger and bigger until it forms a hollow space. The soil from the upper layer will sink into the sinkhole. If the soil from upper layer is sandy and loose, it will sink gradually and faster than the soil that contains clay. This is related to soil structure. Soil structure is the arrangement of soil particles into groupings. These groupings are also called peds or aggregates which distinctive in shapes and found within certain soil horizons. Soil aggregation is very important in workability of soil. Type of sand structure for sand is single grained, soil is broken into individual particles that do not stick together so it is no strong and high permeability. Clay is aggregated better than sand and it is compact and slow permeability. Sinkhole can also cause by human activity such as mining. Sinkholes may form gradually or suddenly, and are found worldwide.
A worldwide hazard that lurks wherever limestone, gypsum and other water – soluble rocks underpin the soil. Rainwater becomes acidic when it absorbs carbon dioxide in the air and over time can eat away at rocks - attacking soft rocks, riddling them with holes. Bedrock is far from solid and is riddled with porous substance, because of the bedrock being very deep in the ground and not exposed to the air or water, and less exposure to any kind of reaction. Particularly in areas where the bedrock is made of water-soluble evaporate rocks such as salt or gypsum or of carbonate rocks such as limestone or dolomite. Sinkholes can occur gradually when the surface subsides into bowl shaped depressions or suddenly when the ground gives way. These geological hazards have swallowed big monuments, landmarks such as highways, apartment buildings, to animals like horses, camels, even people - with monster-size holes cracking the earth. Water passes through the soil through cracks and fissures, eroding the rocks and soils throughout their cross-section and in time, carving a hollow space deep in the ground and the growing void underneath the surface reaches the upper layer surface of the soil. This soil surface eventually will collapse due to gravity – creating a sinkhole. But the type of soil on the surface will affect how the sinkhole develops. The soil’s characteristics may determine the sinkhole formation (the porosity, the soil’s sand / silt / clay ratio and so much more). For example - for water retention of the soil; if there is too much rainfall or flood happening on the surface then the soil or even when the farmers over-irrigate the land – what happen is, water replace the air in the pores of the bedrock and change the rock’s make-up and making it more feeble.
A worldwide hazard that lurks wherever limestone, gypsum and other water – soluble rocks underpin the soil. Rainwater becomes acidic when it absorbs carbon dioxide in the air and over time can eat away at rocks - attacking soft rocks, riddling them with holes. Bedrock is far from solid and is riddled with porous substance, because of the bedrock being very deep in the ground and not exposed to the air or water, and less exposure to any kind of reaction. Particularly in areas where the bedrock is made of water-soluble evaporate rocks such as salt or gypsum or of carbonate rocks such as limestone or dolomite. Sinkholes can occur gradually when the surface subsides into bowl shaped depressions or suddenly when the ground gives way. These geological hazards have swallowed big monuments, landmarks such as highways, apartment buildings, to animals like horses, camels, even people - with monster-size holes cracking the earth. Water passes through the soil through cracks and fissures, eroding the rocks and soils throughout their cross-section and in time, carving a hollow space deep in the ground and the growing void underneath the surface reaches the upper layer surface of the soil. This soil surface eventually will collapse due to gravity – creating a sinkhole. But the type of soil on the surface will affect how the sinkhole develops. The soil’s characteristics may determine the sinkhole formation (the porosity, the soil’s sand / silt / clay ratio and so much more). For example - for water retention of the soil; if there is too much rainfall or flood happening on the surface then the soil or even when the farmers over-irrigate the land – what happen is, water replace the air in the pores of the bedrock and change the rock’s make-up and making it more feeble.
Lim He Jion
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As a commentator, sinkhole is a hole in ground caused by some collapse of the surface layer. Sinkhole can be caused by the karst process which is the chemical dissolution of carbonate rocks such as limestone. Limestone is a sedimentary rock which composed mainly of skeletal fragments of marine organisms such as corals and molluscs. Water or groundwater can erode limestone over thousands or millions of years. Most caves are formed through limestone bedrock. Sinkhole forms when the rocks are weathered due to the climate, time and parental material in underground soil layer. Time over time, the rock will crack (time) and water (climate: raining, underground water) passes through the crack over a long period result the crack getting bigger and bigger until it forms a hollow space. The soil from the upper layer will sink into the sinkhole. If the soil from upper layer is sandy and loose, it will sink gradually and faster than the soil that contains clay. This is related to soil structure. Soil structure is the arrangement of soil particles into groupings. These groupings are also called peds or aggregates which distinctive in shapes and found within certain soil horizons. Soil aggregation is very important in workability of soil. Type of sand structure for sand is single grained, soil is broken into individual particles that do not stick together so it is no strong and high permeability. Clay is aggregated better than sand and it is compact and slow permeability. Sinkhole can also cause by human activity such as mining. Sinkholes may form gradually or suddenly, and are found worldwide.
A worldwide hazard that lurks wherever limestone, gypsum and other water – soluble rocks underpin the soil. Rainwater becomes acidic when it absorbs carbon dioxide in the air and over time can eat away at rocks - attacking soft rocks, riddling them with holes. Bedrock is far from solid and is riddled with porous substance, because of the bedrock being very deep in the ground and not exposed to the air or water, and less exposure to any kind of reaction. Particularly in areas where the bedrock is made of water-soluble evaporate rocks such as salt or gypsum or of carbonate rocks such as limestone or dolomite. Sinkholes can occur gradually when the surface subsides into bowl shaped depressions or suddenly when the ground gives way. These geological hazards have swallowed big monuments, landmarks such as highways, apartment buildings, to animals like horses, camels, even people - with monster-size holes cracking the earth. Water passes through the soil through cracks and fissures, eroding the rocks and soils throughout their cross-section and in time, carving a hollow space deep in the ground and the growing void underneath the surface reaches the upper layer surface of the soil. This soil surface eventually will collapse due to gravity – creating a sinkhole. But the type of soil on the surface will affect how the sinkhole develops. The soil’s characteristics may determine the sinkhole formation (the porosity, the soil’s sand / silt / clay ratio and so much more). For example - for water retention of the soil; if there is too much rainfall or flood happening on the surface then the soil or even when the farmers over-irrigate the land – what happen is, water replace the air in the pores of the bedrock and change the rock’s make-up and making it more feeble.
ReplyDeleteAqilah Junaidi BS 1628086
A worldwide hazard that lurks wherever limestone, gypsum and other water – soluble rocks underpin the soil. Rainwater becomes acidic when it absorbs carbon dioxide in the air and over time can eat away at rocks - attacking soft rocks, riddling them with holes. Bedrock is far from solid and is riddled with porous substance, because of the bedrock being very deep in the ground and not exposed to the air or water, and less exposure to any kind of reaction. Particularly in areas where the bedrock is made of water-soluble evaporate rocks such as salt or gypsum or of carbonate rocks such as limestone or dolomite. Sinkholes can occur gradually when the surface subsides into bowl shaped depressions or suddenly when the ground gives way. These geological hazards have swallowed big monuments, landmarks such as highways, apartment buildings, to animals like horses, camels, even people - with monster-size holes cracking the earth. Water passes through the soil through cracks and fissures, eroding the rocks and soils throughout their cross-section and in time, carving a hollow space deep in the ground and the growing void underneath the surface reaches the upper layer surface of the soil. This soil surface eventually will collapse due to gravity – creating a sinkhole. But the type of soil on the surface will affect how the sinkhole develops. The soil’s characteristics may determine the sinkhole formation (the porosity, the soil’s sand / silt / clay ratio and so much more). For example - for water retention of the soil; if there is too much rainfall or flood happening on the surface then the soil or even when the farmers over-irrigate the land – what happen is, water replace the air in the pores of the bedrock and change the rock’s make-up and making it more feeble.
ReplyDeleteAqilah Junaidi BS 1628086