Peanut Plant (Week 4)

Peanut (Week 4)

Plants' progress:

This week, we have reduced the day watered the plant. All pots are watered once a week. The amount of watering the plant is 500ml. Each of the plants was exposed to the same atmosphere condition.

Pot	Soil Sample	pH Value		Germination Rate (%)	Average plants’ height (cm)	Soil Texture
		pH Meter	pH Paper
A	Mengkabung	5.71	5	0	0.00	Sandy loamy clay
B	FSSA	5.69	5	10	27.30	Loamy sand
C	Sepanggar	7.79	6	50	26.93	Sand
D	FSSA’s Lake	4.77	5	40	28.66	Loamy sand
E	Kg. E	6.41	6	50	29.15	Loamy sand

SIEVE TEST ANALYSIS

On the third week, we are carry out sieve analysis process by using 5 different type of soil. This test is carry out to separate the different sizes of particles into course and fine aggregates by passing through layer of sieves from the largest sieve opening to the very small opening. Set sieve that we used to separate the soil particles is 2mm, 1mm, 212um, 125um, and 63um. Air dried soil is weighed before undergo this process, the result for five type of soil is tabulated as shown below:

Soil A: Mengkabung

Soil Texture: Sandy Loamy Clay

Initial Weight: 94.2419 g

Cumulative Weight after Sieving: 94.2869 g

Sieve No.	Sieve opening mesh size	Mass of soil retained on sieve (g)	Percent of mass retained on sieve (Rn)	Cumulative percent retained (%cumulative passing=100%-% cumulative retained)	Percent Finer 100-Total Rn
10	2mm	1.1472	1.2173	1.2173	98.7827
18	1mm	5.7325	6.0828	7.3001	92.6999
70	212um	79.2302	84.0711	91.3712	8.6288
120	125um	6.027	6.3952	97.7664	2.2336
230	63um	2.0371	2.1616	99.928	0.072
PAN	-	0.0679	0.0720	100	0

Soil B: FSSA’s Garden

Soil Texture: Loamy Sand

Initial Weight: 96.9414 g

Cumulative Weight after Sieving: 96.8914 g

Sieve No.	Sieve opening mesh size	Mass of soil retained on sieve (g)	Percent of mass retained on sieve (Rn)	Cumulative percent retained (%cumulative passing=100%-% cumulative retained)	Percent Finer 100- total Rn
10	2mm	6.2134	6.4094	6.4094	93.5906
18	1mm	8.922	9.2035	15.6129	84.3871
70	212um	63.5745	65.5803	81.1932	18.8068
120	125um	14.4325	14.8879	96.0811	3.9434
230	63um	2.8845	2.9755	99.0566	0.9434
PAN	-	0.8645	0.8918	99.9484	0.0516

Soil C: Sepanggar

Soil Texture: Sand

Initial Weight: 154.927 g

Cumulative Weight after Sieving: 154.927 g

Sieve No.	Sieve of Soil retained on sieve	Percent of mass retained on sieve (g)	Percent of mass retained on sieve(Rn)	Cumulative percent retained (%cumulative passing=100%-% cumulative retained)	Percent Finer- total Rn
10	2mm	0	0	0	100
18	1mm	0.6141	0.3964	0.5120	99.488
70	212um	130.8202	84.4399	84.9519	15.0481
120	125um	22.3831	14.4475	99.3994	0.6006
230	63um	0.9305	0.6006	100.0000	0
PAN	-	0.1791	0.1156	100.1156	-0.1156

Soil D: FSSA’s Lake

Soil Texture: Loamy Sand

Initial Weight: 73.6348 g

Cumulative Weight after Sieving: 73.8997 g

Sieve No	Sieve opening mesh size	Mass of soil retained on sieve(g)	Percent of mass retained on sieve (Rn)	Cumulative percent retained (%cumulative passing=100%-%cumulative retained)	Percent finer 100- total Rn
10	2mm	7.6348	10.3685	10.3685	89.6315
18	1mm	4.8545	6.5927	16.9612	83.0388
70	212um	19.4320	26.3897	43.3509	56.6491
120	125um	18.3451	24.9138	68.2647	31.7353
230	63um	13.6261	18.5050	86.7697	13.2303
PAN	-	10.0072	13.5903	100.36	-0.36

Soil E: Kg.E

Soil Texture: Loamy Sand

Initial weight: 121.5916 g

Cumulative Weight after Sieving: 121.0866 g 

Sieve No	Sieve opening mesh size	Mass of soil retained on sieve (g)	Percent of mass retained on sieve (Rn)	Cumulative percent retained (%cumulative passing=100%-%cumulative retained)	Percent finer 100- total Rn
10	2mm	6.5341	5.3738	5.3738	94.6262
18	1mm	34.0586	28.0107	33.3845	66.6155
70	212um	69.2029	56.9142	90.2987	9.7013
120	125um	6.1536	5.0609	95.3596	4.6404
230	63um	4.9296	4.0542	99.4138	0.5862
PAN	-	0.2078	0.1709	99.5847	0.4153

Heavy Metals Analysis

Table below shows the result obtained for 5 different soil at 25, 50 and 100 dilution factor by using this formula :

      Based on Figure 1 and Figure 2, shows that Ca had the highest concentration at sampling C while mostly for heavy metal Cd can’t be detected by the ICP-MS at sampling B,C,D and E due to not enough oxidation HNO3 was put making the concentration inside the soil became over. High Ca level in the soil will help correct the soil acidity, improve soil structure, help provide proper conditions for microbial growth and regulates nutrient absorption into the plants. Based on Table 3, for heavy metals Cd can’t be detected at all for 5 different soils. Some of the heavy metals also can’t be detected such as As, Ni and Cu. According to Figure 3, it shows that Ca has the highest concentration out of all the heavy metals. This can be concludes that most of the soil that we obtained contain the highest Ca inside it with the information that we can get that it is suitable for agricultural activities.

Germination rate 

Table 4: The growth of peanut plant over the period of 4 weeks.

Week	Type of Seed	Peanut
1	Pot	A	B	C	D	E
	Number of seeds planted	10	10	10	10	10
	Number of seeds that germinated	0	5	8	5	7
	Germination rate (%)	0	50	80	50	70
	Average plants’ height (cm)	0.00	6.88	7.62	6.27	7.75
2	Pot	A	B	C	D	E
	Number of seeds planted	10	10	10	10	10
	Number of seeds that germinated	0	5	8	5	7
	Germination rate (%)	0	50	80	50	70
	Average plants’ height (cm)	0.00	17.46	14.30	15.78	20.33
3	Pot	A	B	C	D	E
	Number of seeds planted	10	10	10	10	10
	Number of seeds that germinated	0	1	5	4	5
	Germination rate (%)	0	10	50	40	50
	Average plants’ height (cm)	0.00	18.76	15.23	17.58	25.33
4	Pot	A	B	C	D	E
	Number of seeds planted	10	10	10	10	10
	Number of seeds that germinated	0	1	5	4	5
	Germination rate (%)	0	10	50	40	50
	Average plants’ height (cm)	0.00	27.30	26.93	28.66	29.15

Germination rate is the estimation of successful population of seeds. The germination rate provides a measure of the time course of seed germination. It can be calculated using the following formula;

For this project, we used 5 types of soil. We have planted 10 seedlings per pot of peanut plant. Every week the germination rate of each pot were increasing. But starting from week 3 the germination rate decreased because we have measured every each pot plants weight and length. 

     In week one, the highest rapid growth for the peanut plant is in pot C (sand) and the least growth is in pot A (sandy loamy clay). This may occur as peanut plant in pot A have a poor drainage which causing the peanut cannot grow well. In week two, peanut plant in pot E shows the highest growth. The least growth rate for week two is still from pot A. In week three, peanut plant in pot E continues to show the highest growth rate with 25.33cm. Lastly in week four, the plant with the highest growth plant is in pot E with growth of 29.15cm. The peanut plant in pot A still does not show any growth.

      

Average data

In order to measure the degree of growth of plant, 5 plants are chosen randomly from each pot. Their root length, shoot length, and overall length are measured and recorded. The fresh weight and dried weight (dry for a week) are measured and recorded. The results obtained are shown in a table below. The reading differences will determine the growth rate of plants from each pot. Data for plants of about one month old:

Table 5 : Average data of shoot, roots and wet and dried weight of peanut plant

Soil Sample	Average Length (cm)			Fresh Weight (g)	Dried Weight (g)	Nodules
	Root	Shoot	Whole
A	-	-	-	-	-	-
B	13.00	27.30	40.30	15.74	12.64	13
C	18.25	26.93	45.18	31.04	27.34	15
D	9.43	30.65	40.08	18.15	14.18	9
E	9.75	30.25	40.00	12.37	10.69	11

Based on Table 5, we can conclude that the peanut plant in pot C have the highest length from root to shoot and highest amount of nodules than the other pot of plant. The peanut is a nitrogen-fixing plant which is its roots form modules which absorb nitrogen from the air and provides enrichment and nutrition to the plant and soils. The roots collect water and nutrients for the plant and secure it to the soil. Plant roots absorb water through root hairs, which are tiny roots that extend from the root's epidermis, or the outer layer of the root. Just one cell thick, they absorb water and nutrients from the soil. So that the plant in pot C has the highest height  among the others and higher amount of nodules.