Analysis of Heavy Metal in 5 types of soil
Methodology of heavy
metal:
A)
Soil sample material preparation
(5 soil types)
1) 1 gram or same amount of other grain
size from each type of soil were sieved into fine article which less than
63MM(mikro).
2) The soil were mix and grinded with
mortar.
3) The soil were sieved once again with
the 63M size sieve.
4) 3 replicates for each soil type, 63MM
(mikro)are prepared. Total number of samples is 15.
B)
Acid Digestion
1) 1 gram of the sample is placed on a
250ml flask for digestion.
2) 5ml of nitric acid is added into the
flask containing the sample.
3) The sample is heated to 95°C ± 5°C
and the sample is refluxed for 10 to 15 minutes without boiling.
4) The sample is cooled and 3ml of
nitric acid is added. The sample refluxed again for 30 minutes.
5) 5ml of concentrated HNO3 is
added when brown fumes are generated,( this indicates oxidation of the sample
by HNO3 ), this step is repeated vover and over until no brown fumes
are realeased.
6) The solution is then evaporated to
approximately 5 ml without boiling or heat at 95°C ± 5°C for two hours.
7) The sample is cooled, 10ml of 30% H2O2
(Hydrogen Peroxide) is added without allowing any losses (Start at adding 3ml
30% H2O2 first, 30% H2O2 in 1-ml
aliquots is continue added with warming until the effervescence is minimal or
until the general sample appearance is unchanged.)
8) The acid peroxide digestate is heated
to 95°C ± 5°C in 6 minutes and remain at 95°C ± 5°C without boiling for 10
minutes on the hot plate.
9) The solution is then evaporated to
approximately 5ml without boiling or heat at 95°C ± 5°C for two hours.
C)
Filter and dilute sample preparation
1) Vacuum Pump is used to filter sample
into 50ml volumetric flask through a 0.45MM (mikro) membrane paper.
2) Each sample is diluted to 50ml volume
with deionized water at 25, 50 and 100 dilution factor for each replicate
(MV=MV).
3) The total 15 samples is stores at 4°C
for analyses.
4) Samples analysis by ICP-MS.
Results
and discussion:
Soil
Types:
A-
Loamy sand, FSSA’s lake.
B-
Sandy clay loam, FSSA.
C-
Sand, Odec.
D-
Sandy clay loam, Kampung E, UMS.
E-
Loam,Likas Mangrove Swamp.
Formulae
of absolute amount of heavy metal (mg/L):
Average
Concentration Measured (mg/L) x Dilution Factor (ml) x Volume Solution (ml)
Weight
of soil (g)
Samples
|
Elements
|
Mean/ Average (ppm)
|
Mean/
average (mg/L)
|
Absolute
amount of heavy metal (mg/Kg)
|
A1
(Tam) 25ml
|
Pb
|
0.03369954213
|
0.033661091
|
0.841527275
|
A1
(Tam) 25ml
|
As
|
-0.01924065561
|
0.019218702
|
0.48046755
|
A1
(Tam) 25ml
|
Cd
|
-0.0009224928307
|
0.00092144
|
0.023036
|
A1
(Tam) 25ml
|
Ni
|
0.026158053
|
0.026128207
|
0.653205175
|
A1
(Tam) 25ml
|
Cu
|
0.030087196
|
0.030052867
|
0.751321675
|
A1
(Tam) 25ml
|
Mn
|
0.853865936
|
0.852891675
|
21.322291875
|
A1
(Tam) 25ml
|
Fe
|
29.38012123
|
29.346598522
|
733.66496305
|
A1
(Tam) 25ml
|
Zn
|
0.138922993
|
0.138764482
|
3.46911205
|
A1
(Tam) 25ml
|
Mg
|
1.964478797
|
1.962237327
|
49.055933175
|
A1
(Tam) 25ml
|
Ca
|
4.935030428
|
4.92939956
|
123.234989
|
A2
(Tam) 50ml
|
Pb
|
0.00971687
|
0.009705783
|
0.48528915
|
A2
(Tam) 50ml
|
As
|
-0.015152178
|
0.015134889
|
0.75674445
|
A2
(Tam) 50ml
|
Cd
|
-0.001319206
|
0.001317701
|
0.06588505
|
A2
(Tam) 50ml
|
Ni
|
0.005686026
|
0.005679538
|
0.2839769
|
A2
(Tam) 50ml
|
Cu
|
0.004620285
|
0.004615013
|
0.23075065
|
A2
(Tam) 50ml
|
Mn
|
0.280848104
|
0.280527656
|
14.0263828
|
A2
(Tam) 50ml
|
Fe
|
10.65916754
|
10.647005434
|
532.3502717
|
A2
(Tam) 50ml
|
Zn
|
0.044383668
|
0.044333026
|
2.2166513
|
A2
(Tam) 50ml
|
Mg
|
0.641448898
|
0.640717005
|
32.03585025
|
A2
(Tam) 50ml
|
Ca
|
1.920384352
|
1.918193194
|
95.9096597
|
A3
(Tam) 100ml
|
Pb
|
0.004698929
|
0.004693568
|
0.4693568
|
A3
(Tam) 100ml
|
As
|
-0.01489709
|
0.014880092
|
1.4880092
|
A3
(Tam) 100ml
|
Cd
|
-0.001588908
|
0.001587095
|
0.1587095
|
A3
(Tam) 100ml
|
Ni
|
0.001917847
|
0.001915659
|
0.1915659
|
A3
(Tam) 100ml
|
Cu
|
-0.001181737
|
0.001180389
|
0.1180389
|
A3
(Tam) 100ml
|
Mn
|
0.17890741
|
0.178703277
|
17.8703277
|
A3
(Tam) 100ml
|
Fe
|
6.328668979
|
6.32144797
|
632.144797
|
A3
(Tam) 100ml
|
Zn
|
0.025379825
|
0.025350867
|
2.5350867
|
A3
(Tam) 100ml
|
Mg
|
0.428283762
|
0.42779509
|
42.779509
|
A3
(Tam) 100ml
|
Ca
|
1.125311259
|
1.124027279
|
112.4027279
|
Samples
|
Elements
|
Mean/ Average (ppm)
|
Mean/
Average (mg/L))
|
Absolute
amount of heavy metal (mg/L
|
|
B1 25ml
|
Pb
|
|
0.013170632
|
0.3292658
|
|
B1 25ml
|
As
|
-0.01358447
|
0.01356897
|
0.33922425
|
|
B1 25ml
|
Cd
|
-0.001487281
|
0.001485584
|
0.0371396
|
|
B1 25ml
|
Ni
|
-0.000288131
|
0.000287802
|
0.00719505
|
|
B1 25ml
|
Cu
|
0.005505499
|
0.005499217
|
0.137480425
|
|
B1 25ml
|
Mn
|
0.092504718
|
0.09239917
|
2.30997925
|
|
B1 25ml
|
Fe
|
11.85532715
|
11.841800226
|
296.04500565
|
|
B1 25ml
|
Zn
|
0.081525692
|
0.081432671
|
2.035816775
|
|
B1 25ml
|
Mg
|
0.399224216
|
0.398768701
|
9.969217525
|
|
B1 25ml
|
Ca
|
5.005970974
|
5.000259163
|
125.006479075
|
|
B2 50ml
|
Pb
|
|
0.009133693
|
0.45668465
|
|
B2 50ml
|
As
|
-0.009753667
|
0.009742538
|
0.24356345
|
|
B2 50ml
|
Cd
|
-0.001380024
|
0.001378449
|
0.06892245
|
|
B2 50ml
|
Ni
|
-0.001995326
|
0.001993049
|
0.09965245
|
|
B2 50ml
|
Cu
|
5.16E-05
|
0.000051541
|
0.00257705
|
|
B2 50ml
|
Mn
|
0.040675087
|
0.040628677
|
2.03143385
|
|
B2 50ml
|
Fe
|
8.880028568
|
8.869896459
|
443.49482295
|
|
B2 50ml
|
Zn
|
0.030104179
|
0.03006983
|
1.5034915
|
|
B2 50ml
|
Mg
|
0.277714188
|
0.277397316
|
13.8698658
|
|
B2 50ml
|
Ca
|
1.500433082
|
1.498721088
|
74.9360544
|
|
B3
100ml
|
Pb
|
|
0.00053323
|
0.053323
|
|
B3
100ml
|
As
|
-0.009747111
|
0.00973599
|
0.973599
|
|
B3
100ml
|
Cd
|
-0.001378484
|
0.001376911
|
0.1376911
|
|
B3
100ml
|
Ni
|
-0.002978956
|
0.002975557
|
0.2975557
|
|
B3
100ml
|
Cu
|
-0.004349524
|
0.004344561
|
0.4344561
|
|
B3
100ml
|
Mn
|
0.018490657
|
0.018469559
|
1.8469559
|
|
B3
100ml
|
Fe
|
3.840489304
|
3.836107307
|
383.6107307
|
|
B3
100ml
|
Zn
|
0.011907648
|
0.011894061
|
1.1894061
|
|
B3
100ml
|
Mg
|
0.10753162
|
0.107408926
|
10.7408926
|
|
B3
100ml
|
Ca
|
0.736796905
|
0.73595622
|
73.595622
|
Samples
|
Elements
|
Mean/ Average (ppm)
|
Mean/
Average (Kg/L)
|
Absolute
amount of heavy metal (mg/L)
|
|
C1
(Tam) 25ml
|
Pb
|
|
0.012692469
|
0.317311725
|
|
C1
(Tam) 25ml
|
As
|
-0.003741161
|
0.003736892
|
0.0934223
|
|
C1
(Tam) 25ml
|
Cd
|
-0.001699541
|
0.001697602
|
0.04244005
|
|
C1
(Tam) 25ml
|
Ni
|
-0.002821035
|
0.002817816
|
0.0704454
|
|
C1
(Tam) 25ml
|
Cu
|
-0.012121847
|
0.012108016
|
0.3027004
|
|
C1
(Tam) 25ml
|
Mn
|
0.056031949
|
0.055968017
|
1.399200425
|
|
C1
(Tam) 25ml
|
Fe
|
3.178025574
|
3.174399448
|
79.3599862
|
|
C1
(Tam) 25ml
|
Zn
|
0.0342064
|
0.034167371
|
0.854184275
|
|
C1
(Tam) 25ml
|
Mg
|
3.895561474
|
3.89111664
|
97.277916
|
|
C1
(Tam) 25ml
|
Ca
|
278.4023576
|
278.084700612
|
6952.1175153
|
|
C2
(Tam) 50ml
|
Pb
|
|
0.012822998
|
0.6411499
|
|
C2
(Tam) 50ml
|
As
|
-0.004024946
|
0.004020354
|
0.2010177
|
|
C2
(Tam) 50ml
|
Cd
|
-0.001528596
|
0.001526852
|
0.0763426
|
|
C2
(Tam) 50ml
|
Ni
|
-0.003209053
|
0.003205391
|
0.16026955
|
|
C2
(Tam) 50ml
|
Cu
|
-0.010547644
|
0.010535609
|
0.52678045
|
|
C2
(Tam) 50ml
|
Mn
|
0.048034503
|
0.047979696
|
2.3989848
|
|
C2
(Tam) 50ml
|
Fe
|
2.174966429
|
2.172484793
|
108.62423965
|
|
C2
(Tam) 50ml
|
Zn
|
0.008092442
|
0.008083209
|
0.40416045
|
|
C2
(Tam) 50ml
|
Mg
|
2.159164803
|
2.156701197
|
107.83505985
|
|
C2
(Tam) 50ml
|
Ca
|
156.7517108
|
156.572857156
|
7828.6428578
|
|
C3
(Tam) 100ml
|
Pb
|
|
0.006107379
|
0.6107379
|
|
C3
(Tam) 100ml
|
As
|
-0.015208306
|
0.015190953
|
1.5190953
|
|
C3
(Tam) 100ml
|
Cd
|
-0.001874878
|
0.001872739
|
0.1872739
|
|
C3
(Tam) 100ml
|
Ni
|
-0.003885853
|
0.003881419
|
0.3881419
|
|
C3
(Tam) 100ml
|
Cu
|
-0.008424383
|
0.008414771
|
0.8414771
|
|
C3
(Tam) 100ml
|
Mn
|
0.011782815
|
0.011769371
|
1.1769371
|
|
C3
(Tam) 100ml
|
Fe
|
0.960445426
|
0.959349558
|
95.9349558
|
|
C3
(Tam) 100ml
|
Zn
|
0.004012379
|
0.004007801
|
0.4007801
|
|
C3
(Tam) 100ml
|
Mg
|
0.872631977
|
0.871636304
|
87.1636304
|
|
C3
(Tam) 100ml
|
Ca
|
60.54743249
|
60.478347892
|
6047.8347892
|
Samples
|
Elements
|
Mean/ Average (ppm)
|
Mean/
Average (mg/L))
|
Absolute
amount of heavy metal (mg/L)
|
|
D1
(Tam) 25ml
|
Pb
|
|
0.016488976
|
0.4122244
|
|
D1
(Tam) 25ml
|
As
|
-0.013060191
|
0.013045289
|
0.326132225
|
|
D1
(Tam) 25ml
|
Cd
|
-0.001319352
|
0.001317847
|
0.032946175
|
|
D1
(Tam) 25ml
|
Ni
|
0.011658056
|
0.011644754
|
0.29111885
|
|
D1
(Tam) 25ml
|
Cu
|
0.013881837
|
0.013865998
|
0.34664995
|
|
D1
(Tam) 25ml
|
Mn
|
0.508101093
|
0.50752135
|
12.68803375
|
|
D1
(Tam) 25ml
|
Fe
|
25.15238092
|
25.123682063
|
628.092051575
|
|
D1
(Tam) 25ml
|
Zn
|
0.103108418
|
0.102990771
|
10.2990771
|
|
D1
(Tam) 25ml
|
Mg
|
1.418958629
|
1.417339598
|
35.43348995
|
|
D1
(Tam) 25ml
|
Ca
|
5.500711343
|
5.494435033
|
137.360875825
|
|
D2
(Tam) 50ml
|
Pb
|
|
0.008332961
|
0.90782485
|
|
D2
(Tam) 50ml
|
As
|
-0.018177237
|
0.018156497
|
0.90782485
|
|
D2
(Tam) 50ml
|
Cd
|
-0.00149388
|
0.001492175
|
0.07460875
|
|
D2
(Tam) 50ml
|
Ni
|
0.00096994
|
0.000968833
|
0.04844165
|
|
D2
(Tam) 50ml
|
Cu
|
-0.000519169
|
0.000518577
|
0.02592885
|
|
D2
(Tam) 50ml
|
Mn
|
0.168760228
|
0.168567673
|
8.42838365
|
|
D2
(Tam) 50ml
|
Fe
|
10.15119763
|
10.139615117
|
506.98075585
|
|
D2
(Tam) 50ml
|
Zn
|
0.035904819
|
0.035863852
|
1.7931926
|
|
D2
(Tam) 50ml
|
Mg
|
0.777783627
|
0.776896176
|
38.8448088
|
|
D2
(Tam) 50ml
|
Ca
|
20.45584774
|
20.432507625
|
1021.62538125
|
|
D3
(Tam) 100ml
|
Pb
|
|
0.006542949
|
0.6542949
|
|
D3
(Tam) 100ml
|
As
|
-0.012081136
|
0.012067351
|
1.2067351
|
|
D3
(Tam) 100ml
|
Cd
|
-0.001433396
|
0.00143176
|
0.143176
|
|
D3
(Tam) 100ml
|
Ni
|
0.002062814
|
0.00206046
|
0.206046
|
|
D3
(Tam) 100ml
|
Cu
|
-0.002669596
|
0.00266655
|
0.266655
|
|
D3
(Tam) 100ml
|
Mn
|
0.104880517
|
0.104760848
|
10.4760848
|
|
D3
(Tam) 100ml
|
Fe
|
7.267324232
|
7.259032218
|
725.9032218
|
|
D3
(Tam) 100ml
|
Zn
|
0.025535548
|
0.025506412
|
2.5506412
|
|
D3
(Tam) 100ml
|
Mg
|
0.397518236
|
0.397064668
|
39.7064668
|
|
D3
(Tam) 100ml
|
Ca
|
1.429805521
|
1.428174113
|
142.8174113
|
Samples
|
Elements
|
Mean/ Average (ppm)
|
Mean/
Average (mg/L))
|
Absolute
amount of heavy metal (mg/L)
|
|
E1
Tam 25ml
|
Pb
|
|
0.027053703
|
0.676342575
|
|
E1
Tam 25ml
|
As
|
0.008107116
|
0.008097866
|
0.20244665
|
|
E1
Tam 25ml
|
Cd
|
-0.001354947
|
0.001353401
|
0.033835025
|
|
E1
Tam 25ml
|
Ni
|
0.017209402
|
0.017189766
|
0.42974415
|
|
E1
Tam 25ml
|
Cu
|
0.018237875
|
0.018217066
|
0.45542665
|
|
E1
Tam 25ml
|
Mn
|
0.155666798
|
0.155489182
|
3.88722955
|
|
E1
Tam 25ml
|
Fe
|
32.91800324
|
32.88044381
|
822.01109525
|
|
E1
Tam 25ml
|
Zn
|
0.127643411
|
0.12749777
|
3.18744425
|
|
E1
Tam 25ml
|
Mg
|
5.515703951
|
5.509410535
|
137.735263375
|
|
E1
Tam 25ml
|
Ca
|
4.200655705
|
4.195862758
|
104.89656895
|
|
E2
Tam 50ml
|
Pb
|
|
0.004731103
|
0.23655515
|
|
E2
Tam 50ml
|
As
|
-0.006977101
|
0.00696914
|
0.348457
|
|
E2
Tam 50ml
|
Cd
|
-0.001516922
|
0.001515191
|
0.07575955
|
|
E2
Tam 50ml
|
Ni
|
0.003242762
|
0.003239062
|
0.1619531
|
|
E2
Tam 50m
|
Cu
|
0.000938558
|
0.000937487
|
0.04687435
|
|
E2
Tam 50ml
|
Mn
|
0.052737273
|
0.0526771
|
2.633855
|
|
E2
Tam 50ml
|
Fe
|
12.76833142
|
12.753762759
|
637.68813795
|
|
E2
Tam 50ml
|
Zn
|
0.037270808
|
0.037228282
|
1.8614141
|
|
E2
Tam 50ml
|
Mg
|
2.136099481
|
2.133662192
|
106.6831096
|
|
E2
Tam 50ml
|
Ca
|
3.33845884
|
3.33464966
|
166.732483
|
|
E3
Tam 100ml
|
Pb
|
|
0.001589296
|
0.1589296
|
|
E3
Tam 100ml
|
As
|
-0.009607617
|
0.009596655
|
0.47983275
|
|
E3
Tam 100ml
|
Cd
|
-0.001245665
|
0.001244244
|
0.1244244
|
|
E3
Tam 100ml
|
Ni
|
-0.001642017
|
0.001640143
|
0.1640143
|
|
E3
Tam 100ml
|
Cu
|
-0.004284654
|
0.004279765
|
0.4279765
|
|
E3
Tam 100ml
|
Mn
|
0.021568778
|
0.021544168
|
2.1544168
|
|
E3
Tam 100ml
|
Fe
|
5.431382892
|
5.425185686
|
542.5185686
|
|
E3
Tam 100ml
|
Zn
|
0.014304048
|
0.014287727
|
1.4287727
|
|
E3
Tam 100ml
|
Mg
|
0.884365903
|
0.883356842
|
88.3356842
|
|
E3
Tam 100ml
|
Ca
|
0.388709438
|
0.388265921
|
38.8265921
|
Table 1: Average
concentration measured of heavy metal in Soil A
Elements
|
replicate 1 (25 ml)
|
replicate 2 (50 ml)
|
replicate 3 (100
ml)
|
Pb
|
0.033661091
|
0.009705783
|
0.004693568
|
As
|
CD
|
CD
|
CD
|
Cd
|
CD
|
CD
|
CD
|
Ni
|
0.026128207
|
0.005679538
|
0.001915659
|
Cu
|
0.030052867
|
0.004615013
|
CD
|
Mn
|
0.852891675
|
0.280527656
|
0.178703277
|
Fe
|
29.34659852
|
10.64700543
|
6.32144797
|
Zn
|
0.138764482
|
0.044333026
|
0.025350867
|
Mg
|
1.962237327
|
0.640717005
|
0.42779509
|
Ca
|
4.92939956
|
1.918193194
|
1.124027279
|
Figure 1 : Bar graph of concentration sample(mg/L) against
elements of heavy metal in soil A.
Based on the graph, the result of 3
replicates shows concentration of iron (Fe) is the highest in soil A. Besides,
concentration of Calcium (Ca), magnesium
(Mg) and Manganese also visible in that soil. While, for Lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), Copper
(Cu), and zinc (Zn) it not visible in graph due to their small concentrations
in that soil. Then, for Arsenic (as) and Cadmium (cd) in cannot be detected
because it is out of detection range instrument or indicates almost no
detection of the metal. From this result, the snake bean supposed to be can
grow in this type of soil. But, in our mini project the snake bean cannot grow
because of other factor such as soil texture (loamy sandy) and it soil Ph
(5.47) that too acidic and not suitable for this plant.
Table 2: Average
concentration measured of heavy metal in Soil B
Elements
|
replicate 1 (25ml)
|
replicate 2 (50ml)
|
replicate 3 (100ml)
|
Pb
|
0.013170632
|
0.009133693
|
CD
|
As
|
CD
|
CD
|
CD
|
Cd
|
CD
|
CD
|
CD
|
Ni
|
CD
|
CD
|
CD
|
Cu
|
0.005499217
|
0.000051541
|
CD
|
Mn
|
0.09239917
|
0.040628677
|
0.018469559
|
Fe
|
11.84180023
|
8.869896459
|
3.836107307
|
Zn
|
0.081432671
|
0.03006983
|
0.011894061
|
Mg
|
0.398768701
|
0.277397316
|
0.107408926
|
Ca
|
5.000259163
|
1.498721088
|
0.73595622
|
Figure 1 : Bar graph of concentration sample(mg/L) against
elements of heavy metal in soil B.
Based on the graph, the result of 3
replicates shows concentration of iron (Fe) is the highest in soil A which is
normal for type of soil in Malaysia. Besides, concentration of Calcium (Ca), in
this soil higher than magnesium (Mg),
zinc (Zn), Manganese (Mn), copper (Cu) and Lead (Pb). Then, for Arsenic (As)
and Cadmium (Cd) and Nickel (Ni) in cannot be detected because it is out of
detection range instrument or indicates almost no detection of the metal. This result indicated it is good to plant a
snake bean in this type of soil. This soil contain high concentration of iron
(Fe) that help formation of chlorophyll. Apart from that, this soil also contain high concentration of
Calcium (Ca) which stimulates microbial activity, stimulates root and leaf
development and affect uptake of other
nutrient. Besides, this soil texture(sandy clay loam) and its Ph value( 6.35)
is suitable for this plant.
Table 3: Average
concentration measured of heavy metal in Soil
Elements
|
replicate
1 (25 ml)
|
replicate
2 (50 ml)
|
replicate
3 (100 ml)
|
Pb
|
0.012692469
|
0.012822998
|
0.006107379
|
As
|
CD
|
CD
|
CD
|
Cd
|
CD
|
CD
|
CD
|
Ni
|
CD
|
CD
|
CD
|
Cu
|
CD
|
CD
|
CD
|
Mn
|
0.055968017
|
0.047979696
|
0.011769371
|
Fe
|
3.174399448
|
2.172484793
|
0.959349558
|
Zn
|
0.034167371
|
0.008083209
|
0.004007801
|
Mg
|
3.89111664
|
2.156701197
|
0.871636304
|
Ca
|
278.0847006
|
156.5728572
|
60.47834789
|
Figure 1 : Bar graph of
concentration sample(mg/L) against elements of heavy metal in soil C which
collected at ODEC UMS.
Based on the
graph, the result of 3 replicates shows concentration of Calcium (Ca) is the
highest in soil C which is different from other type of soil. Besides, there is
small concentrations of Magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn),Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), and
Lead (Pb) which is balance for growth of
snake beans. Then, for Arsenic (As) and Cadmium (Cd) and Nickel (Ni) and
copper (Cu) in cannot be detected because it is out of detection range
instrument or indicates almost no detection of the metal. This result indicated it is very good to
plant a snake bean in this type of soil. This soil contain high concentration
of Calcium (Ca) that help enable nitrogen (N)-fixing bacteria that form nodules
on the roots of leguminous plants to capture atmospheric nitrogen gas and
convert it into a form plant can use. We also found the highest germination
rate of snake bean’s growth in this type of soil texture (sand) and Ph (7.83).
Table 4: Average
concentration measured of heavy metal in Soil D
Elements
|
replicate 1 (25 ml)
|
replicate 2 (50 ml)
|
replicate 3 (100 ml)
|
Pb
|
0.016488976
|
0.008332961
|
0.006542949
|
As
|
0.013045289
|
0.018156497
|
0.012067351
|
Cd
|
0.001317847
|
0.001492175
|
0.00143176
|
Ni
|
0.011644754
|
0.000968833
|
0.00206046
|
Cu
|
0.013865998
|
0.000518577
|
0.00266655
|
Mn
|
0.50752135
|
0.168567673
|
0.104760848
|
Fe
|
25.123682063
|
10.139615117
|
7.259032218
|
Zn
|
0.102990771
|
0.035863852
|
0.025506412
|
Mg
|
1.417339598
|
0.776896176
|
0.397064668
|
Ca
|
5.494435033
|
20.432507625
|
1.428174113
|
Figure 4: Bar graph of
concentration sample(mg/L) against elements of heavy metal in soil D.
Figure 4 shows that all the 3
replicates of soil E contains high amount of Iron (Fe), Calcium (Ca) and also
some amount of Magnesium (Mg) and Manganese (Mn). However, soil D is lack in
Lead (Pb), Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), Nickel (Ni),
Copper (Cu) and Zinc (Zn). Soil D contains essential heavy metals such as Iron
(Fe), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg) and Manganese (Mn). Iron (Fe) is very
important because it is a
co-factor of many enzymes involved in the synthesis of plant hormones. Calcium
(Ca) contributes to continuous cell division and formation and stimulates
microbial activity. Besides, soil D contains
low amount of non-essential heavy metals such as Lead (Pb), Arsenic
(As), Cadmium (Cd). This is why the seedlings in soil
D are taller that other soil. Manganese (Mn) in soil D is not high enough, so
there are some older growth displays yellow spots and long interveinal holes in
some leaves. Soil D is sandy clay loam, it is moderate textured in soil
texture, so it has sufficient ability in water- holding capacity, nutrient
retention capacity and high susceptibility to erosion.
Table 5: Average concentration
measured of heavy metal in Soil E
Elements
|
replicate 1 (25 ml)
|
replicate 2 (50 ml)
|
replicate 3 (100 ml)
|
Pb
|
0.027053703
|
0.004731103
|
0.001589296
|
As
|
0.008097866
|
0.00696914
|
0.009596655
|
Cd
|
0.001353401
|
0.001515191
|
0.001244244
|
Ni
|
0.017189766
|
0.003239062
|
0.001640143
|
Cu
|
0.018217066
|
0.000937487
|
0.004279765
|
Mn
|
0.155489182
|
0.0526771
|
0.021544168
|
Fe
|
32.88044381
|
12.753762759
|
5.425185686
|
Zn
|
0.12749777
|
0.037228282
|
0.014287727
|
Mg
|
5.509410535
|
2.133662192
|
0.883356842
|
Ca
|
4.195862758
|
3.33464966
|
0.388265921
|
Figure 5: Bar graph of concentration sample(mg/L)
against elements of heavy metal in soil D.
Figure 5 shows that all the 3
replicates of soil E contains high amount of Iron (Fe), Magnesium (Mg) and
Calcium (Ca). However, soil E is lack in Lead (Pb), Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), Nickel (Ni), Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mg) and
Zinc (Zn). Soil E also contains the high amount of essential heavy metal such
as Iron (Fe), Calcium (Ca) and Magnesium (Mg) as other soil and soil E is loam,
it has moderate soil texture. However, there
are no seedlings grow in soil E. This is because soil E contains too much of
sulphur (result of nutrient analysis). Sulfur is a secondary macronutrient for plants. It is a component
of some plant amino acids so it is required for good protein content in plants.
It also helps plants to incorporate nitrogen into proteins. Sulfur is required
for the production of chlorophyll and a number of enzymes. It also helps
legumes form associations with nitrogen fixing bacteria. Although sulphur is
good for soil, too much of sulphur may be
retained in soils and cause other nutrient uptake issues.
Germination
Table 1 : The wet and dry weight of whole plants and the
length of whole plants
Pot
|
Seedling
|
Wet weight of whole plants ( g )
|
Dry weight of whole plant (g)
|
Length of whole plants ( cm )
|
Nodules
|
||
Shoot to root
|
Root
|
Shoot
|
|||||
A
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
B
|
S1
|
2.99
|
1.52
|
28.0
|
7.0
|
21.0
|
10
|
S2
|
1.38
|
1.04
|
15.8
|
3.5
|
12.3
|
5
|
|
S3
|
3.20
|
1.15
|
27.5
|
3.0
|
24.5
|
4
|
|
S4
|
2.71
|
1.54
|
25.0
|
4.5
|
20.5
|
8
|
|
S5
|
3.33
|
1.96
|
26.0
|
5.0
|
21.0
|
2
|
|
Average
|
2.72
|
1.44
|
24.5
|
4.6
|
19.9
|
||
C
|
S1
|
3.36
|
1.83
|
23.0
|
7.0
|
16.0
|
17
|
S2
|
1.58
|
0.70
|
26.0
|
8.5
|
17.5
|
14
|
|
S3
|
3.19
|
1.71
|
26.0
|
7.5
|
18.5
|
12
|
|
S4
|
3.35
|
1.35
|
27.0
|
9.5
|
17.5
|
12
|
|
S5
|
2.08
|
0.68
|
19.0
|
4.0
|
15.0
|
2
|
|
Average
|
2.71
|
1.25
|
24.5
|
7.3
|
16.9
|
||
D
|
S1
|
2.49
|
1.36
|
25.0
|
5.0
|
20.0
|
0
|
S2
|
3.20
|
2.08
|
28.0
|
6.0
|
22.0
|
0
|
|
S3
|
2.69
|
1.68
|
27.5
|
7.5
|
20.0
|
3
|
|
S4
|
2.17
|
0.68
|
23.5
|
3.0
|
20.5
|
0
|
|
S5
|
2.40
|
1.34
|
25.0
|
5.5
|
16.5
|
7
|
|
Average
|
2.59
|
1.43
|
25.8
|
5.4
|
19.8
|
||
E
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
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