Both lowland and upland
paddy are essential in providing rice as the world’s most consumed staple food
and an important food source for human population regard to human nutrition and
caloric intake. Until today, paddy field cultivation using modern facilities
continued to allow higher yield with shorter time taken to sustain the
universal food source. Paddy plant on the other hand required suitable water
availability as well as nutrient from the soil to able to grow well, soil pH
content and even climate. To overcome these problems, International Rice
Research Institute conduct lots of researches to develop and synthesis potential
crop to sustain future food resources. For instance, altering genes for better
vitamin contents in rice, drought and flood tolerant rice or even salt-tolerant
rice are being cultivated. This might as well to overcome any environment deficiency
which might hinder the growth of paddy plant.
In a nutshell, based on the
results obtained, we strongly belief that FSSA’s garden soil in pot D is the
most suitable soil to plant padi huma
while the least suitable soil would be PPIB and Construction site soil (Pot C
and E respectively). Kampung E’s soil (pot B) are also capable to grow the
paddy plant. Lastly, FSSA’s lakeside soil is considered insignificant to
promote a healthy paddy plant.
Overall, padi huma pandasan similar to most paddy plant required sufficient
amount of water to stimulate growth. Therefore, pot B and pot D may have a
better water holding capacity in conjunction to their soil porosity as well as
permeability. Pot E (construction site) due to its poor water drainage (often
stagnant after rain) are said to delay the plant growth and root cell having a
rough time to take sufficient water. Furthermore, looking at the macronutrient
content, PPIB’s soil (pot C) suffer nutrient deficiency as several leaves turn
yellowish and some even wilted. The phosphate and nitrate content in PPIB soil
considered below optimum value and lead to unhealthy paddy plant. Both
micronutrient and are needed in tolerable amount to ensure efficient plant
growth. Pale green and yellowish leaves being observed after fourth week shows
poor and faulty condition of nutrient in soil as plant constantly require
enough nutrient from the soil. Adding fertilizers may sufficient amount of
water may overcome the condition.
Additionally, 10 heavy
metals contain in the soil, essential and non-essential, are being identified
after carried out acid digestion using ICP-MS. They are Lead (Pb), arsenic
(As), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), zinc
(Zn), magnesium (Mg) and lastly calcium (Ca). Soils may more likely become
contaminated by the excessive accumulation of heavy metals and metalloids. Looking
on our results, concentration of iron (Fe) is relatively high in all the soil
where highest being observed in pot E. Excessive iron resulted in leaf bronzing
and reduced root oxidation power. As an evidence, leaves for pot E turned
yellowish-brown on the fourth week and stunted growth. On the other hand,
arsenic as well as cadmium showed negative value showing that there are no
related pollutants in the location of the soils that are located. High
concentration of calcium (Ca) being realised in pot C (PPIB). This further
reduce the root capability to uptake other nutrient required by the paddy such
as phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, boron, copper, iron, or zinc, resulting in
deficiencies of these nutrients. Fortunately, all five soils recorded a low
concentration level of lead (Pb). Plant generally impotent to uptake high
amount of lead as may initiate lead-poisoning. Generally, plant reduce and
degrade unwanted contaminants such as metals, pesticides and oil which are
harmful to them. However, they worked best when the contamination level is low
and it is a slow process. Based on our project, we unable to have clear
verification and proof to show padi huma
pandasan does conduct phytoremediation to remove contaminants from soil. All
in all, the heavy metals concentration in five soil are still within the
permissible limit by FAO/WHO.
In conclusion, all the
objectives were met and achieved successfully. We have better understanding on
the soil pH, texture, porosity and permeability as well as water holding
capacity affecting plant growth. Nutrients and heavy metals contained in soil
have directly and indirectly effect onto plants and organisms living in.
Moreover, we gained hands-on experience and are able to conduct and learnt
proper ways to plant paddy plant.
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