WEEK 4 Padi Gonsulak

Three replicate have different dilution which are 25ml, 50 ml and 100 ml.Sample 1 represents For our sample 1 for each soils  and sample 3 for Dkpbaru soils are not available in list and maybe have a problem because of the label of our sample.As shown below are our results for heavy metal in each soils with different dilution :

1. FSSA

ELEMENT	CONCENTRATION SAMPLE 2 (mg/L)	CONCENTRATION SAMPLE 3 (mg/L)
Pb	0.410984044	0.103117986
As	0.003183495	0.004315866
Cd	-0.000404057	-0.001302009
Ni	0.070288961	0.022375517
Cu	0.066982158	0.027900993
Mn	0.81069388	0.520136931
Fe	80.21562049	42.45321515
Zn	10.17124898	0.81376524
Mg	8.718900692	6.110563728
Ca	14.6330819	67.4275631

Figure 1 :Concentration of heavy metals in FSSA soils

2. MENGKABUNG

ELEMENT	CONCENTRATION SAMPLE 2 (mg/L)	CONCENTRATION SAMPLE 3 (mg/L)
Pb	0.24501753	0.04736523
As	0.01733226	0.01104375
Cd	0.000386741	-0.0012301
Ni	0.071516002	0.02861949
Cu	0.04094584	0.01941906
Mn	0.48329502	0.29192513
Fe	76.30363605	47.9112816
Zn	6.80758121	0.60526767
Mg	18.14263135	11.31940883
Ca	8.4969524	4.60850187

Figure 2 : Concentration of heavy metals in Mengkabung soils

3. ODEC

ELEMENT	CONCENTRATION SAMPLE 2 (mg/L)	CONCENTRATION SAMPLE 3 (mg/L)
Pb	0.25603064	0.06350679
As	0.00758757	-0.00010434
Cd	-0.00058272	-0.00139116
Ni	0.07606895	0.02825159
Cu	0.06779211	0.02567973
Mn	2.03670107	0.93297077
Fe	80.51166714	39.34224858
Zn	5.63500836	0.44435125
Mg	26.15129329	11.46020739
Ca	681.9552508	300.3070084

Figure 3 : Concentration of heavy metals in ODEC soils

4. PPIB

ELEMENT	CONCENTRATION SAMPLE 2 (mg/L)	CONCENTRATION SAMPLE 3 (mg/L)
Pb	0.29130222	0.06125204
As	0.00773489	-0.00837616
Cd	-0.0002227	-0.0010865
Ni	0.08235612	0.02420478
Cu	0.11364363	0.03910014
Mn	1.55367974	0.57556921
Fe	140.0600776	60.03089448
Zn	6.12679042	0.60713757
Mg	6.7648227	2.55371457
Ca	27.74985421	9.64049008

Figure 4 : Concentration of heavy metals in PPIB soils

5. DKP BARU

ELEMENT	CONCENTRATION SAMPLE 2 (mg/L)
Pb	0.34941272
As	0.00945046
Cd	-0.00019767
Ni	0.03954044
Cu	0.09244218
Mn	0.40905767
Fe	173.5440404
Zn	9.2785636
Mg	3.85825603
Ca	2.10952712

Figure 5 : Concentration of heavy metals in DKP Baru soils.

Based on the results, there are the presence of iron (Fe) ,Zinc (Zn) ,Magnesium (Mg) and Calcium (Ca).From Figure 1,the concentration of Iron (Fe) in sample 2 is higher than sample 3 due to the different dilution factor which is 80 mg/L.As for the concentration of Calcium (Ca), the concentration of Calcium (Ca) in sample 3 is higher than in sample 2 which is 68 mg/L.Figure 2 shows .From Figure 2 , the concentration of Iron (Fe) is the highest among all the elements for both sample 2 and sample 3.There are no presence of Zinc in sample 3 due to the 100 dilution factor.We found out that from figure 3 ,the concentration of Calcium in ODEC soils is the highest than other elements.No presence of the Zinc elements are found from the ODEC soils.From Figure 4 shows that the concentration of Iron is higher than Calcium elements for both sample.Last but not least, from figure 5, we found out the concentration of Iron elements are between 160 and 180 mg/L which is the highest among the other soils. We observed  that the ranking order of the concentration of heavy metals for FSSA soils and Mengkabung soils are ( Fe > Mg >Ca> Zn ).As for the ranking order of the concentration of heavy metal for Odec soils are (Ca> Fe > Mg > Zn) that have higher Calcium element than Iron elements.After that, ranking order of the concentration of heavy metals in PPIB soils are (Fe >Ca> Mg > Zn) while the ranking order of the concentration of heavy metals in DKP Baru soils are (Fe > Zn > Mg >Ca).

Iron (Fe) is essential micronutrient for plants whose deficiency presents a major worldwide agricultural problem and also known as the third most limiting nutrient for plant growth and metabolism,primarily due to the low solubility of the oxidized ferric form in aerobic environments (Zuo and Zhang, 2011 : Samaranayke et al. , 2012).Iron is also essential for the maintenance of chloroplast structure and function and also involved in chlorophyll synthesis that important in plants.Based on our results, Iron elements can be found in all sample however in ODEC soils, only low concentration of the iron found as the pH value for the ODEC soils is 7.44 that shows neutral.It is because that zinc not easily available in neutral to alkaline soils.

Zinc (Zn) is an important constituent of several enzymes and proteins that only needed by plants in small quantities.Zinc responsible in actives enzymes for the synthesis of certain proteins and used in the formation of chlorophyll and some carbohydrates.Based on our results, Zinc are available in FSSA soils, sample 2 PPIB soils , sample 2 DKP Baru soils and sample 2 Mengkabung soils  as the pH value for the all the soils above is show acidic except for the PPIB soils that shows neutral.We found out that no zinc available at all in ODEC soils for all the sample as the pH value for ODEC soils is 7.44 that shows neutral.Due to the availability of zinc in certain soils that have different pH value, zinc be more available for plant intake when the pH value of the growing medium is low.

Magnesium (Mg) is essential plant nutrient as it important in the photosynthesis process.It is building block of the Chlorophyll which makes leaves appear green.Magnesium deficiency is more likely occur in condition such as low soil pH ,low temperatures and dry soil conditions.Based on our results, the concentration of Magnesium is the second highest in TepiTasik soils and Mengkabung soils that because of the low pH value.The pH value for the TepiTasik soils is 2.83 while for Mengkabung soils is 2.62 that showed acidity or low pH soils.As the pH value is low,the magnesium deficiency occur in our soils and the acidid soils increase the tendency of magnesium to leach due to less exchangeable sites.Magnesium deficiency leads to reduction in yield as our growth rate of paddy in Tepitasik soils is decreases after 2 weeks and no growth at all in Mengkabung soils.

Calcium (Ca) is essential plant nutrient and has many roles such as promotes proper plant cell elongation,participates in enzymatic and hormonal processes and helps in protecting the plant against heat stress.Calcium forms insoluble compounds with other elements in soil,such as phosphorus.Availability of calcium to plants usually in soils with a higher pH level that contain more available calcium.CEC is a soil characteristics that describes the total amount of positively charged exchangeable ions that the soil can hold.A higher CEC indicates higher capacity of the soil to adsorb and hold calcium and therefore higher calcium availability.Plants need to have a constant supply of calcium for continued growth.From our results, we found out that the concentration of calcium is high in DKP baru soils which the soil pH is 7.44.The germination rate of DKP baru is the highest which is 45% as high in calcium for continued growth.

            In the nutshell every sample that have different dilution factor show different concentration of heavy metals.There are the presence of Iron (Mg), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg) and Zinc (Zn) and for overall ,the highest concentration of heavy metals in all the soils is Iron except for ODEC soils that have highest in the concentration of Calcium elements.The germination rate affected by the presence of heavy metals in soils and the pH value of the soils.